Sunday, December 13, 2020

Arakanese Nationalism and the Struggle for National self- determination


(An overview of Arakanese political history up to 1988)


By Khaing Aung Win



Introduction

…………….


Arakan had been an independent kingdom before it was invaded by the Burmans in 1784. The invasion of the Burmans into Arakan in 1784 led the Burmans into conflict with the British in British-India. The Arakanese people took refuge in chittagong Hill Tracts of British- India and repulsed the Burman invaders to restore their home land .The resistance wars launched by the Arakanese people were misjudged by the Burmans as to be the encouragement of the British. This gave rise to conflict between the British and the Burmans. 


After the first Anglo-Burman war in 1826,  Arakan was ceded to the British by the Burmans. Instead of ceding Arakan to Arakanese people, the British colonized it and incorporated it into British–India.The British’s rule in Arakan in the 19th century faced numerous pro- independence revolts staged by the Arakanese people. The imposition of the British’s control in Arakan took long time, some areas not being pacified until the early 20th century. In 1852, a second Anglo-Burman war resulted the Burmans to surrender to the British and the remainder of the Burmans territories were incorporated into British-India.


Up to the earliest 20th century , the national liberation movement of Arakan was carried out in isolation having no relation with the neighbouring nationalist movements.

Can the People of Arakan Claim for the Right to External Self-determination (Independence)?

(A Legal Analysis from International Law Perspective) 

……………………………… 


By Khaing Aung Win**



(Section 1)

………….


In 2019, Arakan Army’s*** Chief Major General Tun Mrat Naing told the Irrawaddy that the political objective of the Arakan Army (AA) is to form Arakan a confederation in Myanmar (Burma).(1) To achieve this objective, Arakan must be first a sovereign independent State. This is because, a confederation can be formed only by the sovereign independent States.(2) Therefore, Arakan must secede from Myanmar (Burma) and claim for independence (i.e. the Right to External Self-determination) to form a confederation in Myanmar (Burma). If Arakan secedes from Myanmar (Burma) and claims for independence, will the secession and claim for independence accord with the International Law? In this article, I will examine whether the legal position on self-determination and secession under international law will support the separatist claim for Arakan.


Self-determination under International Law

…………………………………………………


In order to examine, from the international law perspective, whether or not the right to external self-determination or independence can be claimed by the people of Arakan, it is necessary to outline the legal evolution of self-determination under the international law.

Sunday, August 16, 2020

တောင်ဆူဒါန်လွတ်လပ်ရေးကြိုးပန်းခြင်း

  ခိုင္ျမသိန္း (ေခ်ာင္းသာႀကီး)

၂၆၊ ၀၇၊ ၂၀၂၀


South Sudan | Facts, Map, People, & History | Britannica







) နိဒါန္း.............................................................................................စာမ်က္ႏွာ ()

) ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္းအက်ဥ္း.......................................စာမ်က္ႏွာ ()

) ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပဌာန္းခြင့္ႏွင့္ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္ခြဲထြက္ျခင္း..............................စာမ်က္ႏွာ ()

) ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္ႏွင့္ကမၻာ့အင္အားႀကီးႏိုင္ငံမ်ား၏အဆံုးအျဖတ္..........စာမ်က္ႏွာ (၁၁)

) ကိုးကားခ်က္မ်ား........................................................................စာမ်က္ႏွာ (၁၃)





SSLM = South Sudan Libration Movement


SSLA = South Sudan Libration Army


CPA = Comprehensive Peace Agreement


OAU = The Organisation of African Unity



မွတ္ခ်က္

xxxxxx


က်န္ေတာ္အား သင္ဆရာမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေသာ ခိုင္ေက်ာ္ေက်ာ္ (ကဗ်ာ၊ ေဆာင္းပါး၊ ရခိုင့္စာပီမ်ားရြီးတတ္လာေအာင္ သင္ပီးသူ) ႏွင့္ ဆရာခိုင္ေအာင္၀င္ (Theory of Self-determination, People and Secession မ်ား ရြီးသာႏိုင္ေအာင္ လမ္းညႊန္သင္ျပသူ) ရို႔အား ဤစာတမ္းျဖင့္ ေက်းဇူးမွတ္တမ္းတင္ ဂုဏ္ျပဳလိုက္ပါသည္။




နိဒါန္း

xxxx


 ၂၀၁၁ ခုႏွစ္ ဇႏၷာ၀ါရီလမွာ အာဖရိကတိုက္မွ ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္သည္ မိခင္ဆူဒါန္ႏိုင္ငံမွခြဲထြက္ရန္ ႏိုင္ငံတကာကုိယ္စားလွယ္ႀကီးတိရွိေမွာက္မွာ က်င္းပျပဳလုပ္ေသာ ျပည္သူ႔ဆႏၵခံယူပြဲ႔၌ မဲ ၉၉ % ျဖင့္ လြတ္ေျမာက္လာသည္။ ဆူဒါန္ႏိုင္ငံသည္ ၿဗိတိသ ွ်ကိုလိုနီႏိုင္ငံတခုျဖစ္ခသည္။ ကုလသမဂၢအဖြဲ႔ (UN) ကိုလိုနီဖ်က္သိမ္းေရး (Decolonization) အစီစဥ္အရ ၁၉၅၆ ခုႏွစ္၊ ဇႏၷ၀ါရီလ တရက္နိတြင္ ၿဗိတိသ ွ်ကိုလိုနီဘ၀မွ လြတ္ေျမာက္လာသည္။ ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္သည္ လြတ္ေျမာက္လာေသာ ဆူဒါန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ အစိတ္ပိုင္းတခုျဖစ္ခသည္။ အကယ္၍ ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္သာ ဆူဒါန္ႏိုင္ငံ၏ အစိတ္ပိုင္းတခုအျဖစ္ သြပ္သြင္းမခံရဘဲ သီးျခားကိုယ္လိုနီအျဖစ္ သတ္မွတ္ခံခရလ်င္ ၿဗိတိသ ွ်ကိုလိုနီသည္ ဆူဒါန္မွဆုတ္ခြာခ်ိ္န္မွာ ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္သည္လည္း လြတ္လပ္ေသာႏိုင္ငံတခုျဖစ္က်န္ခပါလိမ့္မည္။ ထိုသို႔မဟုတ္ခေသာေၾကာင့္ ဆူဒါန္ကခြဲထြက္ၿပီး ေတာင္ဆူဒါန္လြတ္လပ္ေရးရယူျခင္းသည္ကိုလိုနီမဟုတ္ေသာအေျခနယ္တြင္ခြဲထြက္ျခင္း (Non-colonial Secession)” ဟု ဆိုရမည္ျဖစ္သည္။ တနည္းအားျဖင့္နစ္နာမႈကိုကုစားရန္ခြဲထြက္ျခင္း (Remidial Secession) ဟူ၍လည္း ေခၚဆိုႏိုင္သည္။

Friday, June 5, 2020

ကိုယ်ပိုင်ပြဌာန်းခွင့်ဟိသောပြည်သူ

အပိုင္း ၁
-----
ႏိုင္ငံတကာဥပေဒ ႏွစ္ခုျဖစ္ေသာ "ႏိုင္ငံေရးႏွင့္ လူမႈအဖြဲ႔စည္းအခြင့္ေရးမ်ား ႏိုင္ငံတကာသေဘာတူညီခ်က္ "(the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) ႏွင့္ "စီးပြားေရး၊ လူမႈေရးႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈအခြင့္ေရးမ်ား ႏိုင္ငံတကာသေဘာတူညီခ်က္" (the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) ရို႔တြင္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပဌာန္းခြင့္ (self-determination) ကို
ျပည္သူ (people) ကို အပ္ႏွင္းထားသည္။ ၎ႏိုင္ငံတကာဥပေဒႏွစ္ခုလုံး၏ပုဒ္မ () တိုင္းတြင္ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း ျပဌာန္းထားပါသည္။

"All people have the right of self-determination . By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development. “

ဆီေလ်ာ္ေအာင္ ဘာသာျပန္ဆိုလ်ွင္-
" ျပည္သူတိုင္းသည္ ကိုယ္ပိုင္ျပဌာန္းခြင့္ဟိသည္။ ထိုအခြင့္အေရးအရ ျပည္သူတိုင္းသည္၊ ၎ရို႔၏ႏိုင္ငံေရး အဆင့္အတန္းကို လြတ္လပ္စြာဆံုးျဖတ္ႏိုင္သည္။ ၎ရို႔၏ စီးပြားေရး၊ လူမႈ႔ေရးႏွင့္ ယဥ္ေက်းမႈေရးရာရို႔ ဖြ႔ံၿဖိဳးတိုးတက္ေရးရို႔အတြက္လြတ္လပ္စြာ ဆံုးျဖတ္လုပ္ကိုင္ႏိုင္သည္